Renewable energy sources are gaining increasing significance in the global pursuit of sustainable development. Among these, biodiesel stands out as a promising alternative to conventional fossil fuels. Biodiesel is typically produced from vegetable oils through a process known as transesterification, which yields fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Th

Quantum dots demonstrate exceptional optical and electronic properties, rendering them valuable candidates for a wide range of applications. However, their functionality can be further enhanced by meticulously tailoring their surfaces. This involves precisely adjusting the chemical composition and morphology of the quantum dot surface to achieve sp

Sputtering is a prominent technique utilized in the fabrication of advanced thin films. Titanium (Ti) sputtering, in particular, has emerged as a leading method due to its ability to deposit high-quality Ti thin films with controlled thickness and composition. The process involves bombarding a Ti target with energetic ions, liberating atoms that th